1	Knowledge Organization Schemes Concept Systems & Ontologies Subject Field Categories Sue Ellen Wright Kent State University Institute of Applied Linguistics © Sue Ellen Wright 2006
2	Tree Diagram Generic Concept System
3	Generic Concept Systems Hierarchical structures A (subordinate concept) is a kind of B A manual transmission automobile with a coil spring clutch … Is a kind of manual transmission automobile Is a kind of automobile
4	Terminology: Broader concepts A word that is more generic or broad than another given word. superordinate concept hypernym / hyperonym broader term / broader concept parent concept Highest level: ancestor, Oberbegriff, top term
5	Terminology: Narrower concepts One of a set of related words whose meaning are specific instances of a more general word e.g., red, white, blue, etc., are hyponyms of the word color) subordinate concept hyponym narrower term child concept Is a … or is a kind of … relations
6	Terminology: Coordinate concepts Any one of a set of related words/concepts whose meanings are specific instances of the same more general word e.g., red, white, blue, etc., are hyponyms of the word color) coordinate concept co-hyponym sibling sister-term/sister-concept
7	Intension and Extension Intension = all critical characteristics of the concept E.g., automobile: four wheels, chassis, passenger compartment, engine, designed for carrying people, goods, self-propelled, etc Extension = all instances of the concept E.g., all automobiles
8	Intension vs. Extension The greater the intension, the smaller the extension Each added characteristic (which increases the intension) narrows the number of objects included in the extension (the instances of individuals that have these characteristics vehicle has fewer critical characteristics than speedboat there are more vehicles than there are speedboats
9	Extensional Definitions Beetles vs. Beatles
10	Example Intension: 1) canine animals (dogs) Intension: 1) canine animals 2) bred for catching small vermin close to the ground (terriers) Intension: 1) canine animals 2) bred for catching small vermin 3) in Scotland and that have 4) black or wheaten fur (Scottish terriers) There are more dogs than terriers and more terriers than Scotties
11	Tracing to a Primitive Concept
12	Kinds of Houses
13	Kinds of Houses
14	Bracket Diagram: Partitive Concept System
15	Terminology: Part-whole systems A constituent part of, or a member of something (the whole). part … whole (partitive system) meronym … holonym (meronymic system) Involves “has a …” relations (car has a steering wheel) or “is a part of” relations (steering wheel is part of a car)
16	Partitive Concept System A (superordinate concept) has a B B (subordinate concept) is a part of A A clutch has a cover, a diaphragm spring, straps, balance rivets, spacer bolts, etc. A cover is a part of a clutch. Also called part-whole concept systems or meronymic concept systems
17	Partitive Concept System for House
18	Faceted Concept Fields
19	Sequential System
20	Sequential Power Flow Power flows from: The engine to the crankshaft to the flywheel to the clutch pressure plate to the leaf springs to the clutch disc to the transmission shaft to the drive shaft to the U-joint to the rear axle to the wheels
21	Flow Chart Representation of Sequential System
22	Associative Concept System
23	Incomplete Concept Systems
24	Monodimensional Database Representation
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26	Defining Subject Fields in Termbases Define hierarchical categories Define associative categories Define probable sorting categories Allow for multiple categories
27	Defining Subject Fields Sort by (e.g.): Generic system Job type Customer Project Product group Job owner
28	Kinds of Knowledge Organization Schemes Simple lists, glossaries, terminologies, dictionaries Ordered lists, authority files Classification systems & taxonomies Concept-system based terminologies, ontologies
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31	Ontology Defined Knowledge ordering scheme that defines the common words and concepts (meanings) used to describe and represent an area of knowledge. including computer-usable definitions of basic concepts in the domain and the relationships among them in such a way as to make knowledge reusable. An ontology is a concept system + a computational model that enables machine processing of information / data / knowledge. Based on discussion by Leo Oberst
32	μkosmos
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36	Applications for Ontologies Information management & retrieval Object management (e.g., inventories) Building the semantic web (W3C) OWL and SKOS Web Ontology Language Simple Knowledge Ordering System Creating environments for intelligent agents Interoperability & convergence
37	Online Ontological Resources Visual Thesaurus http://www.visualthesaurus.com/online/index.jsp Wordnet (Original, Princeton) http://wordnet.princeton.edu/ MultiWordnet http://multiwordnet.itc.it/online/multiwordnet.php Thesaurus.com http://thesaurus.reference.com/ NASA Thesaurus http://www.sti.nasa.gov/thesfrm1.htm
38	Wordnet WordNet® is an online lexical reference system whose design is inspired by current psycholinguistic theories of human lexical memory. English nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexical concept. Different relations link the synonym sets.
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47	FrameNet The Berkeley FrameNet project is creating an on-line lexical resource for English, based on frame semantics and supported by corpus evidence. The aim is to document the range of semantic and syntactic combinatory possibilities (valences) of each word in each of its senses, through computer-assisted annotation of example sentences and automatic tabulation and display of the annotation results. The major product of this work, the FrameNet lexical database, currently contains more than 8,900 lexical units (defined below), more than 6,100 of which are fully annotated, in more than 625 semantic frames, exemplified in more than 135,000 annotated sentences.
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